{"id":7972,"date":"2018-09-04T13:00:09","date_gmt":"2018-09-04T16:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/devbrq.fazti.com.br\/?page_id=7972"},"modified":"2018-10-26T11:59:49","modified_gmt":"2018-10-26T14:59:49","slug":"china-celac-forum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bricspolicycenter.org\/en\/china-celac-forum\/","title":{"rendered":"China-CELAC Forum"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">The China-CELAC Forum<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>Updated on May 2016<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>What is CELAC?<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States<\/li>\n<li>New regional bloc in the Americas \u2013 <em>February 2010<\/em><\/li>\n<li>No institutions, serves as a stage for dialogue and agenda-setting between international and regional leaders<\/li>\n<li>33 countries from the Americas representing around 600 million people<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>What is the China- CELAC Forum?<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Platform for intergovernmental cooperation between the member countries of CELAC and the foreign ministries of China, established on July 2014<\/li>\n<li>First ministerial meeting happened in Beijing \u2013 <em>January 2015<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Established to formally create a mechanism for China to interact with Latin America.<\/li>\n<li>Objective: Strengthen bilateral economic and political cooperation between China and Latin America, and to make new contributions to south-south cooperation, guided by the principles of respect, equality, cooperation and openness in order to promote multilateralism between them <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinacelacforum.org\/eng\/zywj_3\/t1230938.htm\">(China-CELAC forum, 2015a)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>Structure<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The ministerial meetings \u2013 every three years \u2013 are the main mechanism and are held to discuss different ways to improve cooperation. Host alternates between China and the current presidency country of CELAC.<\/li>\n<li>The Dialogue of Foreign Ministers of China are also an important mechanism. Its goal is to maintain discussions on the forum, and on issues that are of common concern. The forum also consists of different sub forums and funds, with some being created at the first ministerial meeting, and others being incorporated into the new China-CELAC structure <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinacelacforum.org\/eng\/zywj_3\/t1230941.htm\">(China-CELAC forum, 2015b)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][vc_single_image alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>China in Latin America<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The creation of the China-CELAC forum was due to China\u2019s increasing presence in the region. The value of trade between the continents and China increased 22-fold between 2000 and 2013 <a href=\"http:\/\/repositorio.cepal.org\/bitstream\/handle\/11362\/37578\/S1421103_en.pdf;jsessionid=AB1B936131A49EC6B5241D77F3129597?sequence=1\">(CEPAL, 2015b)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>China is LAC\u2019s second largest source of imports, and the third largest market for LAC exports <a href=\"http:\/\/trade.ec.europa.eu\/doclib\/docs\/2006\/september\/tradoc_111527.pdf\">(European Commission, 2016)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>China imports 40 percent of global production of soybeans, taking almost 75 of it from Brazil and Argentina. China also buys a third of Iron ore and a fifth of the copper on the world markets with most coming from Latin America <a href=\"http:\/\/www.coha.org\/china-and-latin-america-what-you-need-to-know\/\">(Pineo, 2015)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>China has free trade agreements with Chile \u00b4<em>2006`, <\/em>Peru \u00b4<em>2010` <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/publications.atlanticcouncil.org\/chinalatam\/\">(Peters, 2015)<\/a>. Further Uruguay has recently confirmed willingness to reach a free-trade deal with China <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinacelacforum.org\/eng\/zyxw_1\/t1409172.htm\">(China-CELAC forum, 2016)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Gr\u00e1fico 1<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fonte: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cepal.org\/comercio\/ecdata2\/\">ECLAC, 2016<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Gr\u00e1fico 2<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fonte:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comtrade.un.org\/\"><em>United Nations Statistics Division, 2016<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Gr\u00e1fico 3<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fontes:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cepal.org\/comercio\/ecdata2\/\">ECLAC, 2016<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Chinese Investments in Latin America<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>LAC accounted for 10.5% of China total FDI outflow of the past decade <a href=\"http:\/\/chinapower.csis.org\/china-foreign-direct-investment\/#card2\">(CSIS, 2016)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The annual Chinese FDI into LAC has increased dramatically, totaled $84.40 billion between 2005 and 2016 in May, with $430 million in 2006 to the peak at $23.61 billion in 2010 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aei.org\/china-global-investment-tracker\/\">(Heritage Foundation &amp; American Enterprise institute, 2016)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Outward FDI from Latin America to China is weak with few investments made by Latin American companies in China <a href=\"http:\/\/repositorio.cepal.org\/bitstream\/handle\/11362\/38197\/S1500388_en.pdf?sequence=1\">(CEPAL, 2015a)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Abundant natural resources make LAC a desirable destination for investment for China, with 55 percent of the investment over the past decade going into the energy sector <a href=\"http:\/\/chinapower.csis.org\/china-foreign-direct-investment\/#card2\">(CSIS, 2016)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><u>Graph 4 4:<\/u><\/em> Investiments in different countries, 2005-2016<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Source: (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aei.org\/china-global-investment-tracker\/\">Heritage Foundation &amp; American Enterprise institute, 2016<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Chinese Loans to Latin America<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In 2015, the funding from the China Development Bank and China Exim Bank to LAC governments and companies was a total of $29 billion, surpassing the World Bank and Inter-American Development bank combined <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thedialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Dialogue-LoansReport-v4-lowres.pdf\">(Myers, Gallagher &amp; Yuan, 2016)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>In 2015 the loans were focused on infrastructure and raw material, with the loans not imposing conditions, but sometimes contingent of the use of Chinese equipment and construction firms (Ibid.).<\/li>\n<li>In total China has delivered up to $125 billion in finance to LAC since 2005, in support of 67 projects in 13 countries, with Venezuela and Brazil being the largest recipients of $65B and $21.8B <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thedialogue.org\/map_list\">(Gallagher &amp; Myers, 2015)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><u>Graph 6<\/u><\/em><em>: <\/em>Sector Distribution, Chinese Financing to LAC<em>, 2007-2015<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Source: <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thedialogue.org\/map_list\"><em>Gallagher &amp; Myers, 2015<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_single_image alignment=&#8221;right&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Plano de Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o China-CELAC<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]The China-CELAC Cooperation Plan <em>\u00b42015-2019`<\/em> was adopted at the First Ministerial Meeting of the China-CELAC Forum, under the principles of voluntary participation and flexibility <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinacelacforum.org\/eng\/zywj_3\/t1230944.htm\">(China-CELAC forum, 2015c)<\/a>. The plan shows keen interests and commitment by the Chinese in strengthening ties with LAC, and addressing the region as a whole. As of now, the Forum is fairly new and mostly symbolic; with few of the commitments having been implemented <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thedialogue.org\/blogs\/2015\/01\/what-now-for-china-lac\/\">(Myers, 2015)<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figura 4<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><u>Fonte: (<\/u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinacelacforum.org\/eng\/zywj_3\/t1230944.htm\">China-CELAC forum, 2015c<\/a><u>)<\/u><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>China-CELAC and the environment<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]Chinese investments and Latin American exports to China are concentrated in primary commodities and extractive commodities and have a higher concentration of greenhouse gas emissions than the exports to the rest of the world <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/pardeeschool\/files\/2014\/12\/Working-Group-Final-Report.pdf\">(Ray et al., 2015)<\/a>. The China-CELAC cooperation plan does call for advancing the climate negotiations and investment in renewable energy, but as of right now, no steps have been taken other than the statements in the cooperation plan, and no sub-forum exists in this area, with the focus more on economic growth <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/blog\/7648-China-LatAm-summit-a-missed-opportunity-on-low-carbon-energy\/en\">(Chun, Veiga &amp; Soutar, 2015)<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Obstacles and outlooks for the forum<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]The outlook is an increasing interest from China in enhancing links with Latin America, in order to increase trade and diversify Chinese investment flows, and bring about more growth in LAC. But the forum is still at an early stage, and more corporation is needed is order to fully access the funds and summit <a href=\"http:\/\/repositorio.cepal.org\/bitstream\/handle\/11362\/38197\/S1500388_en.pdf?sequence=1\">(CEPAL, 2015a)<\/a>. Further China\u00b4s economic growth is expected to slow down, and may dampen the demand for imports. In 2015 the annual GDP rate was the lowest in 25 years. This could mean, according to the IMF, a shift in Chinese policy priorities from investment to consumption and could be a major obstacle in the prospects of the cooperation plan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/pardeeschool\/files\/2015\/02\/Economic-Bulletin-2015.pdf\">(Ray &amp; Gallagher, 2015)<\/a>. Also due to the recent fall in commodity prices and the regions\u2019 history of political instability <a href=\"http:\/\/www.activistpost.com\/2016\/05\/how-a-collapse-in-south-america-could-trigger-martial-law-in-the-u-s.html\">(Smith, 2016)<\/a>, that could be an obstacle for deepening the relationship between China and CELAC. The question is therefore if the prospects of the cooperation plan is enough to help the countries out of their respective crises.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Graph 7<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fonte: (<a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/\">World Bank Group, 2016<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><u>Figure 5:<\/u> <em><u>Situation with China\u2019s largest trading partners in LA<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a>. <\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> GPI: Global Peace Index, a survey that ranks independent countries in terms of their level of peacefulness (IEP, 2016). With 161 countries included in the survey, a higher number \u00b4Ex. 143\/161` means lower peace and stability and a higher number \u00b4Ex. 1\/161` meaning higher peace and stability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Source: (<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.visionofhumanity.org\/sites\/default\/files\/GPI%202016%20Report_2.pdf\"><em>IEP, 2016;<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.activistpost.com\/2016\/05\/how-a-collapse-in-south-america-could-trigger-martial-law-in-the-u-s.html\"><em>Smith, 2016;<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-36319877\"><em>BBC, 2016<\/em><\/a><em>). <\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text] The China-CELAC Forum &nbsp; Updated on May 2016 [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text] What is CELAC? [\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; border_style=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text] The Community of&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7972","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>China-CELAC Forum - brq<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bricspolicycenter.org\/china-celac-forum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"China-CELAC Forum - brq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text] The China-CELAC Forum &nbsp; Updated on May 2016 [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;64px&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text] What is CELAC? 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